Application of bensulfuron, bispyribac-sodium and cyhalofop-butyl at early growth stage followed by Bentazon/2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) at mid growth stage control weeds effectively with increased productivity of rice [105]. Chauhan etal. Bars above means represent S.E. 3 per kg, RS Sodhi Elected as President of Indian Dairy Association, PM Kisan Yojana Update: Government Begins Scrutiny of Farmers Land Records, Transform Rural India to Begin Weeklong India Rural Colloquy on 1 August, Organic Certification Standards in India Under Scrutiny as APEDA Penalizes Three More Agencies, Rajesh Oza, a 12th Dropout is Supporting Tribal Women Through a Unique Jamun-based Social Enterprise Model, The Need and Importance of Weed Management Ways to Control It. This premier institution of higher learning was established in 1908 and is now a university system composed of eight constituent universities and one autonomous college spread throughout 17 campuses in the archipelago. Both yield and yield components of rice are affected by plant spacings as well as planting density [56]. Chemical weed control is the most popular weed control method, however herbicide resistance, limited amount of available herbicides, weed population shifts and expensive herbicide products may limit its application in the future [50, 51]. [4] where a maximum yield of 5.87tha1 was obtained using Machete 5G and GGR-6 under plant spacing 2020cm. At the seedling stage, E. colonaand E. crus-galliare closely related to rice plant and may be called as crop mimicry that need to control in time [44]. Hence, in the future, researchers need to develop integrated weed management strategies along with effective herbicides which do not only favor crop yield and reduce weed infestation but also discourage the resistance of weed flora to herbicides. Keeping the weed density below the threshold level instead complete removal is considered best as it is also an ecological approach of weed management [84]. Different agronomic practices like, the use of tolerant cultivars, adjusting sowing time, tillage permutations and plant geometry can reduce the weed pressure in rice. 51.79 and 70.68% increase in weed dry biomass was observed for 1010cm and 3030 cm, respectively. Many of these journals are the leading academic publications in their fields and together they form one of the most valuable and comprehensive bodies of research available today. Upland rice is the cultivation of "rainfed" rice on well drained, non-irrigated fields. Sultana etal. Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. DSR:Direct seeded rice, TR:Transplanted rice, SRI:System of rice intensification. The maximum weed density and dry biomass was found in widest spacing, nevertheless, the yield was also remained higher in widest spacing with 19.55% more than the closest. By Lizete Stumpf, Otvio dos Anjos Leal, Eloy Antonio By Natalia Tereshchenko, Elena Akimova, Oksana Minaev By Juan Carlos lvarez-Hernndez, Luis Mario Tapia-Va HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM, Umair Ashraf, Saddam Hussain, Alam Sher, Muhammad Abrar, Imran Khan and Shakeel A. Anjum, Planting geometry: role in weed management and rice yield. [113] investigated the physiological and anatomical differences between the susceptible and resistant biotypes of Echinochloa colonumand resulted that GR50 of resistant biotype was 10.2 times greater than susceptible biotype of Echinochloa colonumwhere bispyribac-sodium was applied. Manufacturers recommend higher doses of herbicides than the optimum dose which controls the weed population at satisfactory level [83]. Pre- emergence application of pretilachor at 1.0 kg a.i. Similarly, pyrazosulfuron ethyl, penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium at 30, 15, 30g a.i. Herbicides differ for their class, name, mode of action and weed control efficacy. penoxsulam + cyhalofop, fenoxaprop + ethoxy sulfuron (in combination) and bispyribac-sodium (alone) on four different types of weeds i.e., E. colona, Digitaria ciliaris, Leptochloa chinensisand E. crus-galliby applying it at four, six and eight-leaf stages. Results of this study also indicate that yield losses from weed competition resulted primarily from early season competition, and that the principal advantage of the residual herbicides in dry-seeded rice may be to eliminate the need for retreatment with propanil when flooding is delayed or fields are drained. Also, a level field helps retain a constant water level that controls weeds. It may depend on rainfall or irrigation. Up to 50% increase in rice yield was recorded for narrow spacing compared with wide spacing. Further, weed management in rice is one of the major causes that affect its crop yield. Grain yield was remained lower up to 25% in narrowest plant spacing than widest spacing. In most crops, narrower row spacing can increase the competitiveness of a crop [48] whilst reduced crop spacing has also been found to favor the crop development at the expense of weeds. Plow and harrow various times before planting. For more information, visit http://journals.cambridge.org. of three replicates. Butachlor is a herbicide of the acetanilide class. The performance of rice established under different planting geometries was investigated by Ashraf etal. Riar etal. Both ecological and biological factors of a specific region affect weed composition, distribution and propagation as well as its diversification and occupancy in that region. By manipulating the different weed management strategies, the competitive ability of crop over weeds for above and below ground resources can be enhanced [20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. While checking the efficacy of different weed control strategies, Cherati etal. Check Latest Updates, ONGC Recruitment 2022: Huge Opportunity to Work with India's Energy Major; Salary Rs.86000/Month, Tamil Nadu Farmers Urge Agriculture Engineering Dept to Buy, Rent out Drones at Nominal Prices, Jeera Water: This Tried and Tested Drink Guarantees Flat Tummy, CBSE Compartment Exam 2022: Application Without Late Fees Ends! Among all the weed control methods, chemical weed control is commonly used to overcome weed infestation which is easy, quick, time saving, cost effective and the most reliable method to control weeds. Rahman etal. The growth, development and the yield of rice as well as the intensity of weed infestation are greatly affected by plant spacing. Daily. Asian sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensisL.) Chemical weed control has an edge over cultural weed control as it is quick, cost effective and saves labor, time and money. Optimum plant density is necessary to obtain higher yields in rice [57]. In general, different herbicide mixtures can be used for better weed control in rice. Our team is growing all the time, so were always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. Furthermore, narrow plant spacing in rice significantly reduced weed pressure and weed dry biomass [60]. Hence, human intentions are directly linked to define a weed and their activities endorse weed establishment and dissemination while weed persistence over a period, its type and density, emergence time and its interference period with the crop are directly related to the weed-related losses in crop yields [1]. Bozorgi etal. [94] found that cyhalofop-butyl at 90gha1 caused significant reduction in dry matter accumulation and growth of weeds. Weeds should be allowed to grow before the next cultivation. Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. How to do Rice Cultivation in Lowland Areas, Assam PAT Result 2022 to be Announced on August 2, Check Time & Other Details Here, We Have Lots of Plans for the Agriculture Sector: Dr. Himanshu Pathak on His First Day as DG, ICAR, Malaysian Palm Oil Prices Going up in Global Markets, 7th Pay Commission: AICPI Index Indicates a 4% DA Hike? They further reported that maximum paddy yield and net benefits were obtained where bispyribac-sodium was applied followed by ethoxysulfuron while the lowest were recorded from weedy check. Flooding to a depth of 10 cm prevents germination of most weed seeds and also kills the majority of weed seedlings. Many cultural, biological, physical and chemical practices affect the composition and intensity of weeds in rice fields. [72] evaluated the effect of five hill to hill spacings viz. On the other hand, post emergence application of penoxsulam effectively controlled barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli) but was inefficient in controlling broadleaf weeds. For example, up to 76% reduction in rice grown under puddle conditions is caused due to uncontrolled weeds [6]. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. ha1; Penox: Penoxulam 240 EC at 15 g a.i. In the tropics, it is largely grown on small family farms that are usually less than 4 ha, and in Asia. There are, however, only 29 major mechanisms of herbicide action, including a group of herbicides for which the MOA is unknown [76]. Depending on weed population, three or more operations may be done. Source: [115]. How to Control the Pink Bollworm in Cotton Crop? The herbicides are very specific for their mode of action and differ in their weed control efficacy (Table3). Rising wages of labor and their non-availability at peak time discourage hand weeding and make it necessary to use alternative methods of weed control including herbicides [13, 33, 78]. In this case, not only the germination rate of the two dominant weeds i.e., jungle rice and purple nut sedge were significantly reduced but also the germination and root-shoot growth of rice were negatively affected. The use of herbicides to control weeds is just in the introductory stage in most of the developing and under developed countries and farmers of these regions also behave rationally in herbicide usage. 24.31% higher yield was recorded in widest spacing of 2020cm compared with narrow spacing of 1515cm. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. Integrated approaches for weed management, emphasizing on the combination of management practices and scientific knowledge, may reduce the economic costs and improve weed control owing to the complexity of the weed community. Short duration of aman rice transplanted at 2515cm with three hand weedings gives 193% total dry matter than 2010cm with weedy control. Khaliq etal. Weeds being the most serious pests in agriculture have the ability to compete with the crop for available resources through rapid growth and development. Herbicide resistance is the heritable capacity for plants to grow and reproduce after herbicide treatment that would have been fatal to all but one or a very few progenitors in an antecedent population. Further, Pacanoski and Glatkova [89] reported that herbicides i.e., propanil + bentazon, mefenacet + bensulfuron-methyl, penoxsulam, and azimsulfuron + adjuvant controlled Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa crus-gallieffectively in rice. Check out using a credit card or bank account with. The rice yield in closer spacing was 19.50% more than wider. How? Readers like you are an inspiration for us to move Agri Journalism forward. If there are weed seedlings in the nursery bed, then separate them from rice seedlings during pulling and bundling to avoid planting weeds. [13] suggested various herbicides packages like penoxsulam, bensulfuron, carfentrazone, molinate, bentazone, clomazone, pyrazosulfuron, fenoxaprop, propanil, bispyribac-sodium and cyhalofop-butyl control weeds in rice.
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