Timber Design Handbook i PREFACE This Handbook has been specifically written to provide guidance on the use of AS 1720.1, Timber structures, Part 1: Design methods for Australian engineering students and practising engineers. Its important to make sure that your gallery is eye-catching and consistent with the rest of your website and your business. Revised and designated as SA HB 1082013. Bruce Hutchings (TimberBuilt P/L), John Carson (then of Pine Australia), and Dr Bob Leicester (then of CSIRO) also assisted with thoughtful comments from an industry perspective. It represents the authors individual interpretation of AS 1720.12010, Timber structures, Part 1: Design methods, and should not be interpreted to necessarily reflect the opinion of the joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Committee TM-001, Timber Structures. The second edition was developed with significant contribution from Debbie Falck and Julie Falck, Engineering assistants with TimberED Services Pty Ltd. The Handbook uses an explanatory style that is appropriate for self-paced learning. We make sure that every project we work on becomes noticed and seen. Through our one-page website, you will be able to reach to your potential clients. Boris Iskra Forest & Wood Products Australia National Manager, Codes & Standards SA HB 1082013 ii Timber Design Handbook This Handbook is dedicated to Dr Robert (Bob) Leicester, formerly a Chief Research Scientist CSIRO, whose work over many years has underpinned much of the limit states Timber Design Standard, AS 1720.1. BAHAY KUBO As Australia moves to a low carbon economy, the advantages of timber are making it the material of choice for a growing range of applications. This Handbook can be used to develop the understanding and confidence necessary to efficiently and effectively design in timber. Structural timber has a secure place in the future of sustainable construction. It provides support for the design of timber structures in Australia so that engineering students and practicing engineers have the skills to use structural timber with competence and confidence. ISBN 978 1 74342 373 8 COPYRIGHT Standards Australia Limited All rights are reserved. In Crazy price websites, it is our focus give your business/brand an edge in the digital world. Lecturer: Richard S Regidor This book or any portio, TIMBER DESIGN TIP-QC March 2015 Prepared by: ENGR. Many helpful comments and corrections have come from students and other academics during this time. Provide enough information to allow visitors to see the range of products or services you provide, and create sub-pages for each individual product or service if there are lots of details to cover for each product or service. Floor joists 50 mm wide by 200 mm high, simply supported, Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 16 Jan 2019 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed) SA HB 1082013 Timber design handbook HB SA HB 1082013 TIMBER DESIGN HANDBOOK Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 16 Jan 2019 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed) In accordance with the Australian Limit State Timber Design Standard AS 1720.12010 Timber structures, Part 1: Design methods Adjunct Associate Professor Geoffrey N. Boughton School of Engineering, James Cook University Director, TimberED Services Pty Ltd BE (hons), MEngSci (UWA), PhD (JCU), FIE (Aust), CPEng Professor Keith I. .213 4.5 Compressive capacity versus slenderness ratio.214 4.6 Failure mechanisms in compression ..215 4.7 Effect of bolt holes on tension members and compression members 217 4.8 Stress distribution in buckling columns 220 4.9 Critical dimensions for buckling restraint223 4.10 Spacing of intermediate restraints .224 4.11 Restraint systems for compression members ..225 4.12 Effective length for slenderness calculation.227 4.13 k12 as a function of slenderness (c S) ..231 4.14 Flow chart for design capacity of compression members .233 4.15 Example 4.1 - compression capacity234 4.16 Fabrication of columns with multiple compression elements.236 4.17 Definition of terms spaced columns.237 4.18 Spaced column in Example 4.2 ..239 4.19 Duration of load effect shortening of compression members .248 4.20 Load-bearing stud wall255 4.21 Undercroft columns - end details ..263 4.22 Load-bearing partition.265 5.1 Effective/design span .269 5.2 Camber in beams..278 5.3 Creep behaviour 280 5.4 Duration of load effects serviceability ..283 5.5 Assumption plane sections remain plane after bending 288 5.6 Bending strength ..289 5.7 System behaviour - combined and discrete load sharing systems ..291 5.8 System behaviour - load sharing ..292 5.9 System deflection and average beam stress292 5.10 System strength and single member strength..293 5.11 Lateral torsional buckling .296 5.12 Flow chart for finding slenderness of beams ..301 5.13 Slenderness coefficient for beams.304 5.14 Slenderness coefficient for beams.306 5.15 Slenderness modification factor k12 308 5.16 Flow chart for determining the flexural capacity of beams .309 5.17 Influence lines for shear effects near supports 317 5.18 Shear effects in timber beams .318 5.19 Splitting at notches in beams319 5.20 Flow chart for design shear capacity of bending members..323 5.21 Bearing effects at supports and points of concentrated load application ..324 5.22 Different bearing lengths and configurations..328 5.23 Bearing at an angle to grain .330 5.24 Flow chart for calculation of bearing capacity perpendicular to grain ..331 5.25 Flow chart for calculation of bearing capacity at an angle to the grain .332 5.26 Vertically and horizontally laminated beams..333 5.27 Radial tension due to curvature of beam axis .334 5.28 Single-tapered straight beam335 5.29 Grain orientation factor ktg for single tapered beams ..337 5.30 Taper angle factor ktb tension at tapered edge ..338 5.31 Taper angle factor ktb compression at tapered edge ..338 5.32 Geometry of apex zone in curved and tapered beams.341 5.33 Shape factor ksh342 5.34 Minimum radius of curvature for various laminate thicknesses 344 5.35 Radial stress factor (ktp)..346 5.36 Bending of plywood .349 5.37 Shear effects in plywood under out-of-plane loading .358 5.38 Shear effects in plywood under in-plane loading..361 5.39 Example 5.7 - floor joists ..383 5.40 Bridge over Whiteman Park drain.393 5.41 Library floor beam 394 5.42 Storage area floor beam .395 SA HB 1082013 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 16 Jan 2019 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed) Timber Design Handbook Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure xv 6.1 Examples of combined actions in common building elements .399 6.2 Amplification of bending moments due to second order effects in a beam/column..401 6.3 Braced members404 6.4 Sway members ..405 6.5 Example 6.1 - Second order analysis of pole .406 6.6 Minor axis buckling due to axial force and major-axis bending..409 6.7 Interaction of minor axis buckling and major axis bending for a beam/column..410 6.8 Combination of axial effects under bending and axial compression .411 6.9 Interaction of major axis bending with major axis buckling under axial loads for a beam/column ..412 6.10 Flow chart for checking the capacity of a beam/column ..413 6.11 Example 6.2 - second order effects ..414 6.12 Stress distribution in members under combined bending and tension 419 6.13 Buckled shape under varying tensile forces.421 6.14 Interaction diagram - compression edge of bending/tension member 422 6.15 Flow chart for checking the capacity of bending/tension members.424 6.16 Example 6.3 - exposed roof truss ..425 6.17 Stair stringer .430 6.18 Truss roof member 431 6.19 Bottom chord of truss..431 6.20 Portal leg 432 7.1 Type 1 and Type 2 connections 437 7.2 Materials combined in timber connections .438 7.3 Angle of force to grain direction ..446 7.4 Number of rows of fasteners in a connection.447 7.5 Number of shear planes in Type 1 connections 449 7.6 Conventions for defining spacing and edge distances of fasteners.450 7.7 Typical nail behaviour in timber connections 453 7.8 Nail slip for a double shear/steel plate connection..458 7.9 Nail head fixity and restraint..459 7.10 k17 for nailed joints ..460 7.11 Non-linear deflection characteristics for Type 1 nailed connections..462 7.12 Type 2 nailed connections.462 7.13 In-plane moment resisting nailed connection .464 7.14 Thickness of elements in Type 1 nailed connections466 7.15 Critical dimensions in nailed connections.468 7.16 Determination of nails per row ..472 7.17 Example of spliced connection .475 7.18 Typical bolt behaviour in a Type 1 connection..483 7.19 Angle between force on bolt and grain in timber..486 7.20 k17 for nailed and bolted connections ..488 7.21 Transverse restraint in bolted connections 489 7.22 Deformation characteristics for Type 1 bolted connections.491 7.23 Type 2 connections ..492 7.24 Determination of number of bolts per row499 7.25 Example 7.2 - bolted heel joint in truss..501 7.26 Bolts per row in example ..503 7.27 Bolt location in finished connection 504 7.28 Split-ring connectors in Type 1 timber/timber joints ..508 7.29 Shear-plate connectors in Type 1 joints .512 7.30 Dowelled connections with fin plates .515 7.31 Configurations for steel fin plates in metal dowel connections. 331 Design for bearing capacity 332 5.5 DEEP SECTION AND LONG SPAN CURVED OR TAPERED BEAMS 333 5.5.1 Design of straight constant depth glulam and LVL beams .. 333 Capacity of straight glulam and LVL beams.333 5.5.2 Behaviour of curved and/or tapered beams .. 334 Induced radial stresses ..334 Grain and stress orientation 334 5.5.3 Capacity of single-tapered straight beams. 335 Grain orientation factor (ktg) ..336 Taper angle factor (ktb) .337 Example 5.2 Single-tapered glulam beam .338 5.5.4 Capacity of double-tapered, curved and pitched cambered beams 340 Capacity limited by flexure 340 Shape factor (ksh) .342 Radius of curvature factor (kr) ..343 Capacity limited by radial tension ..344 Volume/size factor (kv) .345 Factor for radial stress effects (ktp) .346 Example 5.3 Pitched cambered glulam beam..347 5.6 DESIGN CAPACITY OF STRUCTURAL PLYWOOD IN BENDING . 349 5.6.1 Out-of-plane bending capacity (Md,p) .. 350 Modification factor for moisture condition (k19) .351 Assembly factor (g19) and effective section modulus (Zp) .351 Effective section modulus for out-of-plane bending spans parallel to face grain (Zp) .351 Assembly factor for bending spans parallel to face grain (g19) 352 Effective section modulus for out-of-plane bending spans perpendicular to face grain (Zp) 352 Assembly factor for bending spans perpendicular to face grain (g19) ..353 SA HB 1082013 Timber Design Handbook ix 5.6.2 In-plane bending capacity (Md,i) .. 353 Stability factor for plywood (k12).354 Modification factor for moisture condition (k19) .354 Assembly factor (g19) and effective in-plane section modulus (Zi) 355 Effective in-plane section modulus (Zi) 355 Assembly factor for in-plane bending (g19) ..355 5.6.3 Inter-lamina shear capacity (beam shear) (Vd,p).. 356 Modification factor for moisture condition (k19) .357 Assembly factor (g19) and effective shear area (As)357 Effective shear area for shear due to out-of-plane loads (As) 358 Assembly factor for shear due to out-of-plane loads (g19) .359 5.6.4 In-plane shear capacity (panel shear) (Vd,i) 359 Stability factor for plywood (k12).360 Modification factor for moisture condition (k19) .360 Assembly factor (g19) and effective shear area (As)360 Effective shear area for shear due to in-plane loads (As) .361 Assembly factor for in-plane shear (g19) .362 5.7 DESIGN TECHNIQUES FOR BEAMS.. 363 Load ratios ..363 5.7.1 Design for the serviceability limit state.. 364 Design summaryBending members selected for serviceability..364 Example 5.4 Serviceability design of a portal rafter 365 Example 5.5 Serviceability design of a floor support beam.373 5.7.2 Design for the strength limit state.. 375 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 16 Jan 2019 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed) Design summaryBending members selected for strength .376 Example 5.6 Design of a floor beam for strength..377 Example 5.7 Design of floor joists for strength..383 5.8 PRACTICE PROBLEMS.. 392 5.8.1 Short answer problems 392 5.8.2 Calculation problems 392 5.9 REFERENCES CHAPTER 5 .. 397 6.0 MEMBERS CARRYING COMBINED ACTION EFFECTS 399 Beam/columns ..400 6.1 SECOND ORDER EFFECTS 401 6.1.1 Structural analysis.. 402 First order analysis..402 Second order analysis 402 6.1.2 Estimate of moment amplification 403 Braced members ..403 Sway members..404 Example 6.1 Second order effects for beam/column.406 6.2 COMBINED BENDING AND COMPRESSION .. 409 6.2.1 Bending about the major axis (Md,x) with minor axis buckling (Nd,cy) . 409 6.2.2 Bending about the major axis (Md,x) with major axis buckling (Nd,cx) 411 6.2.3 Bending about the minor axis (Md,y) with axial compression (Nd,c) . 412 6.2.4 Checking beam/column capacity 413 Combined actions flow chartBending and compression 413 Compression capacities 414 Bending capacities ..414 Example 6.2 Combined actions on beam/column .414 6.3 COMBINED BENDING AND TENSION.. 419 6.3.1 Major axis bending (Md,x) with axial tension ( Nd,t) Tension edge . 419 6.3.2 Major axis bending (Md,x) with axial tension (Nd,t) Compression edge 420 6.3.3 Minor axis bending (Md,y) with axial tension (Nd,t) 423 6.3.4 Checking combined bending and tension members . 423 Tension capacity ..423 Bending capacities ..423 Combined actions flow chartBending and tension 424 Example 6.3 Combined actions on bending/tension member .424 SA HB 1082013 x Timber Design Handbook 6.4 BIAXIAL BENDING . 428 6.4.1 Biaxial bending and compression.. 428 6.4.2 Biaxial bending and tension . 428 6.5 PRACTICE PROBLEMS.. 430 6.5.1 Short answer problems 430 6.5.2 Calculation problems 430 6.6 REFERENCES CHAPTER 6 .. 434 7.0 DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS 435 7.1 CONNECTIONS 436 7.1.1 Elements in connections . 436 Connector.436 Connection..436 Type 1 connection ..436 Type 2 connection ..436 Common types of connections .437 Timber in connections ..439 7.1.2 Connectors . 440 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 16 Jan 2019 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed) Nails440 Nailplates .441 Screws441 Bolts442 Coach screws .443 Split-ring connectors..443 Shear-plate connectors..444 Metal dowels..445 7.1.3 Connection modelling.. 445 Geometry of connections.445 Shear planes 448 Positioning of fasteners 449 Fastener spacing ..449 Edge distance .451 End distance451 Strength modelling of connections .451 Serviceability modelling of connections .451 7.2 STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY OF NAILED CONNECTIONS 453 7.2.1 Type 1 nailed connections . 453 Capacity factor..454 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 7.2.5 Characteristic nail strength (Qk) 455 Duration of load factor (k1).. 456 Grain orientation factor (k13) .. 457 Shear plane factor (k14) .. 458 7.2.6 7.2.7 7.2.8 7.2.9 7.2.10 7.2.11 Head fixity factor (k16) 459 Factor for multiple nails (k17) . 460 Serviceability of Type 1 nailed connections. 461 Type 2 nailed connections . 462 Moment resisting nailed connections 464 Geometric details for nailed connections 466 Eccentricity of connections 458 Thickness of elements ..466 Detailing nailed connections .467 Nail spacings..469 Edge distance .469 End distance469 7.2.12 Design techniques for nailed connections .. 469 Design summaryNailed Type 1 connections 470 Design summaryNailed Type 2 connections 473 Detailing nailed connections .474 Example 7.1 Design of a spliced connection in a tension chord 475 7.3 STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY OF SCREWED CONNECTIONS .. 478 7.3.1 Capacity of Type 1 screwed connections .. 478 SA HB 1082013 Timber Design Handbook 7.3.2 7.3.3 7.3.4 7.3.5 7.3.6 xi Capacity of Type 2 screwed connections .. 479 Serviceability of Type 1 screwed connections 480 Moment resisting screwed connections .. 480 Comparison with nail capacities. 481 Designing and detailing screwed connections. 481 7.4 STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS .. 483 Directionality of bolt strength484 7.4.1 Type 1 bolted connections . 484 Capacity factor..485 Modification factors ..485 7.4.2 7.4.3 7.4.4 7.4.5 7.4.6 Characteristic system capacity of bolts (Qsk) 486 Head fixity factor (k16) 487 Factor for multiple bolts (k17) . 488 Serviceability of Type 1 bolted connections 489 Type 2 bolted connections . 491 Length of bearing factor k7 493 7.4.7 Geometric details for bolted connections .. 493 Thickness of elements ..493 Spacing of bolts 495 Edge and end distances.495 Hole size ..495 Washer size.496 7.4.8 Design techniques for bolted connections . 496 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 16 Jan 2019 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed) Design summaryBolted Type 1 connections 497 Design summaryBolted Type 2 connections 500 Example 7.2 Bolted truss connection 500 7.5 STRENGTH OF COACH SCREWED CONNECTIONS . 505 7.5.1 Capacity of Type 1 coach screwed connections . 505 7.5.2 Capacity of Type 2 coach screwed connections . 506 7.5.3 Serviceability of Type 1 coach screwed connections.. 507 7.5.4 Designing and detailing coach screwed connections .. 507 7.6 STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY OF SPLIT-RING CONNECTORS . 508 7.6.1 Strength of Type 1 split-ring connections . 508 7.6.2 Characteristic capacity of split-rings (k15 k18 Qk) . 510 7.6.3 Serviceability of Type 1 split-ring connections.. 510 7.6.4 Limitations on the use of split-ring connections 510 7.6.5 Issues for maintenance of split-ring connections .. 511 7.7 STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY OF SHEAR-PLATE CONNECTORS 512 7.7.1 Strength of Type 1 shear-plate connections . 512 7.7.2 Characteristic capacity of shear-plates (k15 k18 Qk).. 513 7.7.3 Serviceability of Type 1 shear-plate connections.. 513 7.7.4 Limitations on the use of shear-plate connections. 514 7.7.5 Issues for maintenance of shear-plate connections 514 7.8 STRENGTH OF METAL DOWELS IN TYPE 1 CONNECTIONS .. 515 7.8.1 Metal dowelled fin plate connections .. 515 Connections 516 Timber members..516 Slots in timber members ..516 Metal fin plates .517 Holes ..518 Dowels ..518 7.8.2 Strength of Type 1 metal dowelled fin plate connections . 518 Capacity factor..519 Modification factors ..519 7.8.3 Characteristic system capacity of dowels (Qsk) .. 520 Example 7.3 System capacity - dowelled connection ..521 7.8.4 Head fixity factor (k16) 522 7.8.5 Serviceability of Type 1 fin plate connections 522 7.8.6 Geometric details for dowelled fin plate connections . 523 Clamping bolts..523 SA HB 1082013 xii Timber Design Handbook 7.8.7 Design techniques for dowelled fin plate connections 523 7.9 INJECTED EPOXY STEEL DOWEL CONNECTIONS .. 524 7.9.1 Load transfer mechanisms in epoxied dowel connections 525 7.9.2 Capacity of epoxied dowel connections . 526 7.9.3 Construction of epoxied dowel connections. 526 7.10 DETAILING CONNECTIONS . 527 7.10.1 Load transfer in a connection 527 7.10.2 Tension perpendicular to grain . 528 Reducing the risk of failure due to tension perpendicular to grain.529 7.10.3 Splitting characteristics of structural timbers 531 7.10.4 Eccentric loading . 532 7.11 SUMMARY OF CONNECTION CAPACITIES . 533 7.12 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 537 7.12.1 Short answer problems . 537 7.12.2 Calculation problems . 537 7.13 REFERENCES CHAPTER 7 541 APPENDIX A PROPERTIES OF TIMBER CROSS-SECTIONS. 543 APPENDIX B DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR SOME COMMON MEMBERS .. 547 Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 16 Jan 2019 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed) APPENDIX C NOTATION . 553 INDEX .. 557 SA HB 1082013 Timber Design Handbook xiii Accessed by UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND on 16 Jan 2019 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed) FIGURES Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure 1.1 Trees .3 1.2 Cross-section of trunk .4 1.3 Failure characteristics of clear wood and structural timber .5 1.4 Cell structure of timber, magnified 250 times 6 1.5 Orthotropic nature of wood fibre ..7 1.6 Creep and duration of load effects 9 1.7 Nomenclature of timber used in housing 13 1.8 Distortion in timber 16 1.9 Slope of grain in timber18 1.10 Knots ..19 1.11 Correlation of properties with grading parameters .25 1.12 Derivation of properties from small clears..27 1.13 Derivation of properties from in-grade testing..27 1.14 Flow chart for design for durability 33 1.15 Fire-rated plasterboard to give fire protection to a timber frame.45 1.16 Loss of section due to fire 46 1.17 Plywood.50 1.18 Glulam beams.51 1.19 Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) ..52 1.20 Cross laminated timber (CLT) ..54 2.1 Design process .62 2.2 Loading on floor bearers .72 2.3 Contributing areas on supporting members ..73 2.4 Tributary area for a hip rafter in a roof 74 2.5 Example 2.1 - floor system 76 2.6 Example 2.1 - solution .78 2.7 Flow chart for finding strength limit states imposed loads 89 2.8 Wind pressure on a building .97 2.9 Terrain and structure height multiplier Mz,cat .101 2.10 Wind flow over hills.103 2.11 Building surfaces and nomenclature 104 2.12 Wind suctions on a roof at a snapshot in time 106 2.13 Combinations of internal and external pressures ..108 2.14 Wind load example - church in Perth..111 2.15 Snow loadings in sub-alpine and alpine regions 117 2.16 Snow loads example - lodge at Cradle Valley, Tasmania.121 2.17 Snow loads example results .123 2.18 Earthquake response of buildings and static analysis .129 2.19 Horizontal force distribution with position in building..131 2.20 Earthquake loads design example .133 2.21 Earthquake loads design example results..135 2.22 Roof truss anchorage example 149 2.23 Loads on a structure during its lifetime..150 2.24 Probability distribution of loads on a structure.
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